Sources & Bibliography
Every claim is grounded in primary evidence. Sources are rated across three tiers by methodological rigour — from peer-reviewed econometrics to secondary journalism.
Peer-reviewed journals and landmark academic works. Econometric studies, RCTs, and meta-analyses published in top-tier venues (QJE, AER, JPE, JEEA).
Government data, institutional reports, and industry analysis. BLS datasets, IMF/McKinsey reports, working papers from established research centres.
Books, journalism, and secondary sources. Narrative histories, newspaper articles, and popular non-fiction used for context and illustration.
Methodology Notes
Currency. All monetary values are expressed in euros. US-sourced figures (wages, earnings losses, programme costs) have been converted at 0.847 EUR per USD (Morningstar spot, 14 Apr 2026). Historical values retain their original source date in context. Approximate conversions are marked with ~.
US data in European context. Several case studies draw on US labour market data (BLS, CPS, ADP) as the most granular available. European outcomes differ systematically due to institutional frameworks (works councils, Kurzarbeit, co-determination), regulatory environment (EU AI Act), and occupational classification (ISCO-08 vs SOC). Where European-specific evidence exists, it is noted under “European Variation” in each case study.